Distributed flexibility as a cost-effective alternative to grid reinforcement

The deployment of distributed photovoltaics (PV) in low-voltage networks may cause technical issues such as voltage rises, line ampacity violations, and transformer overloading for distribution system operators (DSOs). These problems induce high grid reinforcement costs. In this work, we assume the DSO can control each prosumer's battery PV system. Under assumptions, evaluate cost providing flexibility compare it with Our results highlight that using is more profitable than reinforcing a network until generation covers 145% annual energy demand.